Hydraulic press

Components of Hydraulic Presses

The hydraulic system in a hydraulic press has the same sort of components as all hydraulic systems. It comprises two cylinders, one on top of the other, which can hold hydraulic fluid, and a pumping system to move the fluid. Generally, oil is used as a hydraulic fluid because it relieves the necessity of lubricating the components of the hydraulics.

The pumping system generally comprises some sort of pump, either hand-powered or, more likely, mechanically powered, that serves to apply pressure to the fluid. The pumping system pushes hydraulic fluid through a one-way valve that allows the fluid to pass into the cylinders, but does not allow the fluid to pass back. The hydraulic press cylinders must be securely attached to a moving plate, one of the two on the press. The plate attached to the cylinders is usually on a sliding platform so that it can move toward another fixed plate when the press is active.

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How the Press Exerts Compressional Force

A hydraulic system's functioning is described very accurately by Pascal's principle, which states that a force applied to an enclosed fluid is transferred equally throughout the entire fluid. This means that the fluid must not be able to be compressed. When the hydraulic pump is activated, it applies pressure on the hydraulic fluid, which fills the cylinder. Because the cylinder is completely filled while the pump is active, and the one-way valve completely encloses the fluid, pressure builds within the cylinder. The pressure escapes via the easiest way possible: it pushes the two cylinders apart, which makes the hydraulic system apply force to the plate of the press. The pump basically exerts a small force on the fluid continuously until the fluid has enough pressure to push apart the cylinders. This means that the hydraulic press can exert massive forces with simply a pump. However, all hydraulics must be engineered so that the pressure inside the cylinders, which gets very high, is not released by a structural failure of the cylinders or the valve connecting the cylinders to the pump while the jack is in operation. To release the pressure on the system, the one-way valve is simply released so that the hydraulic fluid flows back out of the cylinders. When the cylinders are pressurized, they exert a very large force relative to the amount of force exerted by the pump, again due to Pascal's principle. The force exerted by the cylinders is transferred to the plate of the press, which moves down toward the fixed plate on the press. This force creates an immense compressional force, which is the ultimate purpose of the hydraulic press.